“醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)：有關(guān)癌癥的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)情景”相信是準(zhǔn)備學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)的朋友比較關(guān)注的事情，為此，醫(yī)學(xué)教育網(wǎng)小編整理內(nèi)容如下：

醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)一

General evaluation. The diagnosis of cancer can be simple or it can challenge all the skills of clinical investigation.

普遍診斷。癌癥的診斷可非常容易，也可挑戰(zhàn)臨床研究的所有技能。

In some instances metastatic tumors may be the first indication of cancer, and the primary lesion may escape efforts at detection.

有時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移癌可能是癌癥的第一指征，而原發(fā)損害卻難以發(fā)現(xiàn)。

The challenge is to detect cancer as early as possible, when it is most likely to be cured.

我們所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)癌癥，盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)增加治愈可能。

One third of new patients have in situ or localized cancer, one quarter have regional lymph node disease,

在所有新病人中，三分之一是原位癌，四分之一患局部淋巴結(jié)疾病，

and one third have distant disease;the remaining few per cent have disease of undefined stage.

三分之一有轉(zhuǎn)移性疾病，少數(shù)病患的病情階段尚未明確。

Early detection of localized disease is aided by an awareness of risk factors in the family history, personal habits (tobacco, alcohol, sun exposure) and occupational exposure (asbestos, chromium, benzene).

為盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)原位癌，我們要通過家族史、個(gè)人習(xí)慣(抽煙、飲酒、光照)以及職業(yè)性照射(石綿、鉻、苯)的危險(xiǎn)系數(shù)來(lái)扶助檢測(cè)。

It also requires attention to subtle and nonspecific symptoms of fatigue, weakness, weight loss, depression, headache, pain, changes in bowel habits,

還要注意疲勞、虛弱、減重、抑郁、頭疼、疼痛、排便、

persistent cough or hoarseness, rectal bleeding，and other clues from the history.

持續(xù)咳嗽、聲音嘶啞、直腸出血、家族史等細(xì)微或非特定癥狀。

In evaluating a patient who presents with nonspecific symptoms that might be indicators of malignancy, such as weight loss, fever, or fatigue,

在診斷有非特定癥狀的病患時(shí)，例如減重、高燒或疲勞，這些或是惡性腫瘤的標(biāo)志，

the physician should carefully examine all mucosal surfaces, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum for masses or ulcerated lesions.

醫(yī)生要細(xì)心檢測(cè)所有粘膜表面、乙狀結(jié)腸，直腸腫塊或潰瘍性病變。

In addition to elements of a routine examination, stool should be tested for occult blood.

除了常規(guī)檢測(cè)，糞便要進(jìn)行隱血試驗(yàn)。

More subtle clues may be seen in the skin with finding such as petechiae, hyper-pigmentation of skin folds (acanthosis nigricans) , or atypical moles (dysplastic nevi).

我們還可以在皮膚上發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)微征兆，例如淤點(diǎn)、皮皺深度過度(黑棘皮癥)或是非典型痣(發(fā)育不良性痣)

Attention should be paid to the presence of systemic cancer-associated effects, such as neuromyopathies.

要對(duì)出現(xiàn)的全身性癌癥病癥給予關(guān)注，比如神經(jīng)肌病。

Leads from laboratory testing may be found in unexplained anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypercalcemia, or elevation of serum LDH and acid or alkaline phosphatase levels.

實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)提示不明原因的貧血，血小板減少，高鈣血癥以及血清乳酸脫氫酶、酸性磷酸酶和堿性磷酸酶水平的升高。

Other frequent harbingers of cancer are pulmonary nodules or radiolucent bone lesions associated with new bone pain.

其它常見先兆有肺結(jié)節(jié)，以及與新骨痛有關(guān)的透析性骨病。

醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)二

As a pathologic entity, cancer is defined by its properties of uncontrolled local proliferation of cells,

作為病理學(xué)實(shí)體，癌癥指的是細(xì)胞惡性繁殖，且不可控，

with invasion of adjacent normal structure and by distant spread, or metastasis, via the bloodstream of lymphatic or within a body cavity.

并破壞周邊正常細(xì)胞組織，通過淋巴系統(tǒng)或在體腔內(nèi)完成轉(zhuǎn)移。

As a biologic entity, the malignant cell is defined by its ability to grow in tissue culture without the need for attachment to a firm surface

作為生物體，腫瘤細(xì)胞的惡性性質(zhì)是由下面因素決定的：在組織培養(yǎng)時(shí)，它無(wú)需附著于堅(jiān)固的表面就能生長(zhǎng)，

and by its loss of responsiveness to growth regulatory signals that cause differentiation and suppress proliferation.

并且它對(duì)能夠引起分化和抑制增生的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)信號(hào)沒有反應(yīng)。

Many malignant cells preserve the growth and antigenic properties characteristic of fetal cells，

許多腫瘤細(xì)胞會(huì)繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，以及具有抗原性的癌胚細(xì)胞，

secrete proteins characteristic of fetal tissues ( such as the a-fetoprotein of hepatocellular carcinomas and germ-cell tissues) ,

還可分泌具有癌胚組織特性的蛋白質(zhì)(例如肝癌細(xì)胞的甲胎蛋白和生殖細(xì)胞組織)，

and appear to be frozen in an early state of differentiation that recapitulates a specific stage in normal organ development.

在正常器官生長(zhǎng)的特殊階段-分化，癌細(xì)胞處于冷凍狀態(tài)。

For example, malignancies arising from the lymphoid system reflect all stages and types of B-and T-lymphocyte development and preserve the same complex of immunoglobulin

例如，淋巴系統(tǒng)中惡性腫瘤會(huì)體現(xiàn)在所有階段，T淋巴細(xì)胞和B淋巴細(xì)胞的發(fā)展也同樣如此，它保留了免疫球蛋白的復(fù)雜性，

and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement and cell surface proteins ( and in some cases potential for future differentiation) found in normal counterparts of the immune system.

T細(xì)胞受體基因重排以及細(xì)胞表面蛋白質(zhì)(在許多情況下，這些細(xì)胞會(huì)繼續(xù)分化)，我們可以在正常的免疫系統(tǒng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)。

These properties have become the basis for classification, diagnosis, and even treatment of tumors,

這些特性是進(jìn)行分類、診斷甚至是治療的基礎(chǔ)，

as, for example, classification of lymphoid tumors based on reactivity with monoclonal antibodies.

例如根據(jù)單克隆抗體為基礎(chǔ)的淋巴細(xì)胞分類。

While the above characteristics are typical of most cancer cells, they are not universal.

上述特性適用于多數(shù)癌細(xì)胞，但它們不是普遍的。

Some endocrine-related tumors, for example, not only maintain well-differentiated morphologic features of their tissue of origin

例如一些內(nèi)分泌相關(guān)腫瘤，它們?cè)谛螒B(tài)上就維持了組織初期的良好分化，

but also retain endocrine function and produce bioactive hormonal substances typical of the mature tissue, as in pheochromocy-tomas.

還保留了內(nèi)分泌功能，并產(chǎn)生了成熟組織具備的生物活性激素，比如同嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤。

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